NEW Language Leader 3 - page 148

LANGUAGE REFERENCE
148
12
GRAMMAR
G1 CONDITIONALS: FIRST AND SECOND
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Form the first conditional in the following way:
If -clause + Main clause
if + present simple will/may/might /should, etc.
+ infinitive without to
Use the first conditional to talk about real
possibilities.
If you ask him, he’ll be happy to help you.
As long as and provided that mean only if. We often
use these expressions to talk about rules or to make
a bargain or promise.
You’ll get a refund provided that you have a receipt.
(= You’ll get a refund only if you have a receipt.)
You’ll be able to go as long as you finish your work.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Form the second conditional in the following way:
If -clause + Main clause
if + past simple would/could/might, etc. +
infinitive without to
Use the second conditional to talk about an unreal
situation in the present or future.
If you had good eyesight, you wouldn’t need glasses.
(= You don’t have good eyesight.)
If you were invited to the party, would you go?
(= You are unlikely to be invited to the party.)
We often use supposing ( that) or imagine to talk
about an imaginary situation.
Supposing/imagine you won the lottery, what would
you buy?
G2 CONDITIONALS: THIRD AND MIXED
THIRD CONDITIONAL
Form the third conditional in the following way:
If-clause + Main clause
if + past perfect would/could/might + have +
past participle
Use the third conditional to talk about unreal
situations in the past, i.e. situations that are contrary
to the facts.
If you’d been there, you would have seen her. (= You
weren’t there so you didn’t see her.)
If I hadn’t been to university, I wouldn’t have got this
job. (= I did go to university so I did get this job.)
We often use the third conditional to talk about
regrets or to criticise.
If I’d studied harder, I could have gone to university.
(= I regret that I didn’t study harder.)
If you’d listened to me, this wouldn’t have happened.
(= You should have listened to me.)
MIXED CONDITIONALS
We can combine the clauses from the second and third
conditionals to talk about the present or past results of unreal
situations.
• second + third conditional: past condition with present result
If -clause + Main clause
if + past perfect would/should/might/could, etc. +
infinitive without to
If you’ d brought a map, we wouldn’t be lost now.
(= You didn’t bring a map so now we are lost.)
• third + second conditional: present condition with past result
If-clause + Main clause
if + past simple would/might /could + have + past
participle.
If you paid attention in class, you would have got higher marks.
(= You don’t pay attention in class. You didn’t get high marks.)
KEY LANGUAGE
KL PERSUADING, MAKING A CASE FOR SOMETHING
PERSUADING
Let’s face it, the economy’s not in good shape at the moment.
Everyone’s suffering.
We don’t want to be left behind.
It’s true what you say, Stephanie, but we do need to …
That’s a fair point, Stephanie, but look at the bigger picture.
I’m sure you agree with me, it’s our job to manage change …
I’ve heard about these objections. My answer is simple.
Look, I think you’ll agree, we’ve got some of the best and
most experienced workers in the trade.
MAKING A CASE FOR SOMETHING
That’s a very strong argument for …
Another reason is that …
I would argue that we’ll be …
If some of our staff lose their jobs, it’ll have a bad effect on
production.
We’ll have to reduce our workforce, maybe by 20 percent,
but that’ll help to lower our costs and make us more
competitive. It’s a hard world out there.
That’s the way forward for us.
We don’t have any other option.
VOCABULARY
V1 TECHNOLOGY
(breathing) apparatus, (household) appliance, (labour-saving)
device, (internal combustion) engine, (computer) equipment,
(clever) gadget, (cash) machine, technological, technology,
technophobe
V2 TECHNOLOGY ADJECTIVES
cutting edge, durable, easy to use, environmentally friendly,
green, handy, hard-wearing, long-lasting, non-polluting, obsolete,
old-fashioned, out-of-date, practical, state-of-the-art, user-friendly
V3 PREFIXES (OPPOSITES)
dislike, inaccurate, inappropriate, inconvenient, ineffective,
inefficient, inequality, insensitive, mismanagement, mistrust,
misunderstanding, unable, unlikely, unnecessary