LANGUAGE REFERENCE
140
8
GRAMMAR
G1
VERB PATTERNS: VERB +
-ING
/INFINITIVE
When one verb follows another, it may appear in the
infinitive or -
ing
form. The form depends on the first
verb, and the following structures are possible:
• verb + infinitive, e.g.
appear, attempt, decide, manage,
need, offer, promise, seem, want.
Globalisation
appears
to be
a serious political issue
these days.
• verb + object + infinitive, e.g.
advise, allow, encourage,
invite, persuade, remind, request, tell.
The internet
allows people to communicate
.
• verb +
-ing
form, e.g.
consider, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel
like, finish, practise, suggest.
Would you
consider
giving
us a refund?
• verb + -
ing
or infinitive with different meanings:
REMEMBER
Remember to bring
the tickets. We need them for our
flight. (+ infinitive: thinking about a future action)
I
remember watching
the Olympics in 2004. (+ -
ing
form: thinking about an earlier action)
FORGET
Don’t
forget to bring
your passport. (+ infinitive:
thinking about a future action)
I won’t
forget eating
my first Thai curry. (+ -
ing
form:
thinking about an earlier action)
STOP
I
stopped to have
a break. (+ infinitive: stop one action
in order to do something else)
They
stopped making
them in 2002. (+ -
ing
form: finish
an action)
TRY
Carla’s
trying to lose
weight. (+ infinitive: make an
effort to do something difficult)
Why don’t you
try cooking
it in olive oil? It might taste
better. (+ -
ing
form: do something as an experiment –
you don’t know if it will work or not)
G2
CAUSATIVES:
HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
Use this form when an action is done for you by
somebody else.
I
had my suit cleaned
. (The shop did it.)
He
had his mobile phone repaired
. (An engineer did it.)
Use a form of
have
+ object + past participle:
• present simple
Claire
has her hair
cut
every month.
• present continuous
Dave and Bill
are having their hair cut
.
• past simple
Claire
had her hair cut
last week.
• present perfect
Claire
has had her hair cut
.
!
Do not confuse this form with the past perfect.
We
had a new computer system installed.
The technician
had installed a new computer system.
(past perfect)
We can make questions and negatives.
Are
you
having your car serviced
this week?
I
haven’t had the windows cleaned
for ages.
In spoken or informal English, we can also use
get
+
object + past participle.
I
got my eyes checked
last week because I’ve been
having headaches.
We also use this form to talk about something that
happens to us that we have no control over.
In this street we
have our rubbish collected
once a week.
We often use the form for unexpected or unpleasant
things that happen to us.
To our great surprise, we
had our money refunded
.
He
had his mobile phone stolen
.
KEY LANGUAGE
KL
CLARIFICATION
ASKING FOR CLARIFICATION
Sorry, I don’t know what you mean.
What do you mean by … ?
Could you explain that in more detail, please?
Could you be more specific?
Could you give me a specific example?
Sorry, I don’t follow you.
I’m sorry, I don’t see what you mean by …
CLARIFYING (MAKING YOUR MEANING CLEARER)
Basically what I’m saying is … the customer is …
What I really want to say is …
Or to put it another way, …
Let me rephrase that.
To be more precise, … we really appeal to …
VOCABULARY
V1
GLOBALISATION
creates competition, damage the natural environment,
destroy local culture(s), encourages better standards,
exploit workers, increase wealth, improves the quality of
manufacturing, promote global understanding, reduce
poverty, widen the gap
V2
COLLOCATIONS (GLOBALISATION)
child labour, climate change, consumer choice,
corporate greed, fair trade, free markets, global warming,
human rights, multinational companies, natural
resources, single economy, working conditions
V3
ABSTRACT NOUNS
adaptability, curiosity, consensus, intuition, sensitivity
V4
GLOBAL COOPERATION
collaborate, cutting edge, dynamic, phenomenon,
profound, push the boundaries, synergy
