INVASION
5.2
D
E
VOCABULARY
NOUNS AND VERBS (1)
4
a
Many words are both nouns and verbs, without
any change in form. Look at these examples. In each
sentence, is
damage
a noun or a verb?
1
Grey squirrels don’t
damage
the economy.
2
Apple snails cause a lot of
damage
in Asia.
4
b
These words can be both nouns and verbs. Are
they nouns, verbs or both in the article? Underline the
examples that you find.
shop cause harm plant
hope control stop change
4
c
Are the nouns in Exercises 4a and 4b countable
(C) or uncountable (U)? What do you know about the
grammar of countable and uncountable nouns? With
which can you use
a/an/the
? Which have plural forms?
GRAMMAR
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
5
a
Which of these words and phrases mean a large
quantity/number/amount, and which mean the opposite?
a lot of few little several many much
5
b
You can use
a lot of
with both countable and
uncountable nouns. When do you use the other words
above? Find and underline the examples in the article.
6
Are these statements true or false? Use the examples
you underlined in the article to help you.
1
You never use
much
in questions.
2
You often use
many
in positive sentences.
3
You don’t usually use
much
in positive sentences.
Instead, you use
a lot of
.
4
You never use
much
in negative sentences.
5
You can use
many
in questions and negative
sentences.
¬
Language reference and extra practice, pages 110–111
41
7
Complete this paragraph with
much
,
many
,
a lot of
,
little
or
few
.
There are
1
many
animals that are invaders, but perhaps
there are
2
, if any, invaders that are worse than
humans. Two hundred thousand years ago, there were
very
3
humans; now there are nearly six billion
of them. Unfortunately, there isn’t
4
information
about the early history of this species, but it seems
certain that the first humans came from Ethiopia in
east Africa. After
5
thousands of years (150–
180), humans were living on every continent on Earth.
How
6
damage have these invaders caused?
Unfortunately, they have caused
7
damage.
They have destroyed
8
native plants and
animals. Before humans developed industry in the
19th century, there was
9
pollution. Now,
there is
10
pollution and it is causing
11
harm to the global environment. It seems
that humans need to change
12
things about
their lifestyle in order to survive.
GRAMMAR TIP
In spoken and informal written English, you often use
not a lot of
,
not many
and
not much
instead of
few
and
little
, e.g.
There aren’t a lot of students in my
class. There aren’t many cinemas in my city. There isn’t
much time left.
SPEAKING
8
a
Compare your life with your partner’s. First use
the sentence beginnings (or similar ones) to make
true sentences about you. If you need some help with
ideas, turn to page 131.
In my country,
In my city,
In my college,
In my workplace,
In my house,
there are many / a lot of / few …
there’s a lot of / little …
there aren’t many / a lot of …
there isn’t a lot of / much …
I
People in my family
have got many / a lot of …
haven’t got many / much …
spend a lot of time …
don’t spend a lot of time …
8
b
Now turn your sentences into questions
and interview your partner to find out
if his/her life is similar to yours.
Are there many dangerous animals in
your country? Give some examples.
What do you spend a lot of time
doing? Why do you do that?
