LANGUAGE REFERENCE
116
8
GRAMMAR
G1
VERB PATTERNS
You sometimes put two verbs together. When you do
this, the second verb is often in the infinitive with
to
.
I
seemed to sleep
well last night.
Older people
tend to need
less sleep.
The second verb can also be in the
-ing
form.
Do you
like having
a doze after lunch?
These days, we
keep hearing
about light pollution.
When the first verb is a verb + preposition, the
second verb is in the
-ing
form (because a verb after
a preposition is always in the
-ing
form).
Have you
thought about changing
your job?
Here are some common verbs that follow these
patterns.
Some verbs can have either an infinitive with
to
or
an
-ing
form after them, e.g.
like, hate, love
. When
you use the
-ing
form with these verbs, you mean
‘(not) enjoy’.
I
love skiing
.
I
hate lying awake
all night.
When you use the infinitive with
to
, you say what
you (don’t) prefer.
I
like to go
to bed early.
I
hate to fall asleep
in the living room.
G2
FUTURE INTENTIONS
There are different ways of talking about your plans
for the future. You use the form
be going to
when you
have a definite intention to do something, i.e. you are
sure that you will do it, but it is not 100% fixed.
I
’m going to study
astronomy at university.
When Liam finishes the night shift, he
’s going to meet
some friends for breakfast.
I
’m not going to do
a distance-learning course.
You can also talk about plans with
hope to
and
would
like to
. These are less certain than
going to
– you use
them for ambitions and desires.
Eman
would like to leave
the bank and find
another job.
We
hope to buy
a new house next year.
!
Note how you form the questions and negatives of
these verbs.
Would
you
like to travel
round the world?
Do
you
hope to have
children one day?
I
wouldn’t like to
work at night.
I
hope not to be
late tomorrow.
ü
I
don’t hope to be
late tomorrow.
û
KEY LANGUAGE
KL1
ASKING ABOUT PREFERENCES
What would you prefer to do?
What would you rather do?
KL2
EXPRESSING PREFERENCES
I’d rather (go to the concert).
I’d prefer to (see a film).
I’m more interested in (the cinema) than (the theatre).
I’d love to (see the drummers).
I don’t fancy (that film / going to the opera).
I don’t mind.
I’m not keen on (concerts).
VOCABULARY
V1
SLEEP
doze, dream, fall asleep, feel sleepy, good night’s
sleep, go to sleep, heavy sleeper, insomnia, light
sleeper, nap, nightmares, sleep in, sleep through,
sleepless, talk in (your) sleep
V2
JOBS
astronomer, baker, call-centre worker, cleaner,
engineer, lorry driver, nurse, office worker, police
officer, security guard, teacher
V3
-ED/-ING
ADJECTIVES
amazed/amazing, bored/boring, embarrassed/
embarrassing, excited/exciting, fascinated/fascinating,
frightened/frightening, interested/interesting,
surprised/surprising, tired/tiring
V4
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
boat trip, café, cinema, concert, dancing, dinner,
firework display, museum, play, sports event, theatre
V5
TIME EXPRESSIONS
after some time, at last, at that moment, before long,
finally, in the end, soon, suddenly
Verb + infinitive
Verb +
Verb + preposition
with
to
-
ing
form + -
ing
form
hope decide
keep
think about
manage need
enjoy
succeed in
tend seem
suggest
look forward to
want
try
talk about
Subject +
be
(
+
not
)
Verb
I’m
+
He’s/She’s/It’s
You’re/We’re/They’re
going to start …
I’m not
–
He/She/It isn’t
You/We/They aren’t
be
+
subject
Verb
Am I
?
Is he/she/it
going to start …?
Are you/we/they
